Precipitation Chemistry in and Ionic Loading to an Alpine Basin, Sierra Nevada

Wet deposition of solutes to an alpine catchment in the southern Sierra Nevada was measured from October 1984 through March 1988. Rainfall had a volume-weighted pH of 4.9, and snowfall had a volume-weighted pH of 5.3. Acetic and formic acids were important components of all wet deposition, contributing 25-30% of the measured anions in snowfall and, through analysis of charge balance deficits, the same percentage in rainfall. The NO.( to SO42equivalent ratio for all wet deposition was !.I6. Ammonium concentration was tenfold greater than H + in rainfall; ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate tippear to be the principal nitrate and sulfate containing aerosols in wet deposition. Snowmelt runoff (!985 and 1986) or snowpack runoff plus rainfall during the period of snowpack runoff (1987) supplied 90% of the annual solute flux from wet deposition to the catchment. The amount of snow water equivalence (ram m and H * SO•-, and C!(eq m -2) in cumulative snowfall measured on snowboards was similar to the accumulated eposition of these parameters measured in snowpits at midwinter and during maximum snow accumulation periods, while about 20% of the NO• in snowfidl was not stored in the winter snowpack. Dry deposition was therefore not an important contributor fH •, N()3 • , and S()• •'• to the winter snowpack. The source of the ions in snowfall was air masses that originated over the Pacific Ocean, while low CIand Na • relative to NOff and NH• in rainfall indicate that local urban and agricultural areas were the major source of the ions in rainfall.